Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• structure for endogenous nitrogen-doping in a green synthesis of CD-based room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials. The materials had lifetimes of up to 271.2 ms with a lower energy gap and 350 nm of excitation (0.32 eV). Furthermore, when iron ions (Fe3+) were introduced, they displayed appropriate

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• demonstrated by elemental analysis (Figure 7a) the significance of nitrogen doping in the cobalt-decorated carbon fibres is, however, substantially reduced, in favour of cobalt-based activity. Electrochemical ORR characterisation Linear sweep voltammetry using fibre-based electrodes The oxygen reduction

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• result of the nanoporosity of the carbon matrix and the high nitrogen-doping content (ca. 18 atom %). Among all sulfur–carbon composite cathodes, flexible carbon-based skeletons are one of the most promising cathode materials given their ability to accommodate the fast volume changes of sulfur during the

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• ; multiwall carbon nanotubes; nitrogen doping; peel off; rolled carbon nanotubes; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are popular materials used in various applications [1]. These tubular hollow carbon nanomaterials have proven to be useful in multiple scientific fields [2][3][4][5][6]. Complex structures

• /N2/C3 structure is shown in Figure 2. The D peak refers to a defect in the MWCNT structure. An intense D peak (relative to the G peak intensity) correlates to higher defects, for instance, induced by nitrogen doping. The G and 2D peaks are related to the graphitization of MWCNTs. An intense G peak

• associated SEM backscattered images were recorded with a Hitachi TM3000 table top SEM operated at 15 kV. For Fe mapping, a 6.399 keV peak intensity was used. Further characterization details can be found in [16]. Nitrogen doping is expected to be in the range of 0.5–2 atom %, according to previous reports

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• a fast and efficient microwave synthesis within 10 min from Ni(COD)2 and the CTF substrate in an ionic liquid. The choice of the CTF substrate enables the control over nitrogen doping by selecting appropriate aromatic nitriles as monomers [32][37][40]. Also, it has been proven that the use of CTFs

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of a glucose solution yielding carbon spheres with sizes of 330 ± 50 nm, followed by nitrogen doping via heat treatment in ammonia atmosphere. The influence of a) varying the nitrogen doping temperature (550–1000 °C) and b) of a catalytic graphitization prior to nitrogen

• microporosity of the materials is critical for an efficient ORR. Keywords: amorphous carbon; graphitized carbon; hydrothermal carbonization; nitridation; nitrogen doping; oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); porosity; Introduction Fuel cells and metal–air batteries are important renewable energy technologies

• doping on the carbon sphere morphology, structure, elemental composition, N bonding configuration as well as porosity is investigated in detail. For the N-doped carbon spheres, the maximum nitrogen content was found at a doping temperature of 700 °C, with a decrease of the N content for higher

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• increased with increasing nitrogen content. Thus, nitrogen-doping has no beneficial influence on the conductivity of the electrodes in contrast to expectations. The materials have been processed to free-standing electrodes and characterized as symmetrical supercapacitors in three different electrolytes: 1 M

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• uniform two-dimensional nanocarbon films, so-called carbon nanosheets, with ca. 10 nm thickness with dispersed nanopore structural motifs. The electrical conductivity of the transferred film was significantly increased after the thermal carbonization process. Nitrogen-doping was carried out simply by

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• of the properties of the catalytic layer and certainly a strong change of the mass transfer limitation. The proton transport should be better at the surface of the N-CNT due to the nitrogen doping and the hydrophilic behavior of these carbon supports [74]. For both metals, the catalysts with the best

• on nitrogen-doped carbon materials, it has been shown that nitrogen doping of the carbon provides sites for Co incorporation. On such supports, cobalt is usually found in the ionic state in a CoN4 environment. XPS characterization of Co single atoms on nitrogen-doped carbon has shown two peaks for Co

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• sulfur. The EDX mappings verify the largely homogeneous distribution of all elements. Nitrogen doping as well as sulfur doping through the proposed soft-templating approach were successful. BET measurements were carried out to analyze the porosity of the carbon felts. In Figure 4, a comparison between

• electrode and corresponding colored mappings of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Nitrogen sorption isotherms of the synthesized composite electrode with nitrogen doping (upper line) and the carbonized carbon felt (lower line). High-resolution XPS spectra including the fitting of the carbonized carbon

Trapping polysulfide on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide for Li–S batteries through phase selection with optimized binding

• Sha Dong,
• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 774–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.77

• electrical conductivity [10]. However, the adsorption of polarized LPSs on non-polarized graphene is weak; heteroatom doping is necessary for improving the anchoring effect. Nitrogen doping has been used to modify the anchoring behavior of graphene, and the N-doped graphene showed improved anchoring of Li2Sx

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• have addressed in the last decades are described, in particular the enduring debate on the role of the different nitrogen functionalities in the catalytic activity of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes and graphene. Keywords: catalysis; carbon nanotubes; graphene; metal-free; nitrogen doping

• system. The most common nitrogen doping techniques and how the doping activates the surface are described, and the spectroscopic differences regarding the nitrogen incorporation in graphene and CNTs are discussed. Review Heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructures Carbon nanotubes and graphene share many

• around the Fermi level after doping [58] usually leads to an enhancement of the catalytic activity of the material. In the particular case of nitrogen doping, the nearest-neighbor carbon atom of a nitrogen atom is considered to be the active site [19][26] because of the net positive charge accumulating

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles as sulfur encapsulator for high-performance lithium/sulfur batteries

• Yan Zhao,
• Zhengjun Liu,
• Liancheng Sun,
• Yongguang Zhang,
• Yuting Feng,
• Xin Wang,
• Indira Kurmanbayeva and
• Zhumabay Bakenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1677–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.159

• of nucleation sites in NCNT allows ZnO to uniformly grow on its surface with a small size. Also, NCNT has a higher electrical conductivity due to its additional free electron pairs compared to CNT without nitrogen doping. The ZnO@NCNT composite showed excellent electrochemical properties in lithium

Sulfur-, nitrogen- and platinum-doped titania thin films with high catalytic efficiency under visible-light illumination

• Boštjan Žener,
• Lev Matoh,
• Giorgio Carraro,
• Bojan Miljević and
• Romana Cerc Korošec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.155

• of the band gap by introducing a new energy level close to the valence band. Nitrogen doping can also create impurity energy levels above the valence band, thus effectively also narrowing the band gap [35][36]. Illumination with visible light can then excite electrons from impurity energy levels into

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• concentration of incorporated nitrogen. The hybrid materials were tested as electrodes in a 1M H2SO4 electrolyte and the best performance was found for a nitrogen-enriched material produced using the Fe/Mo catalyst. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data, it was concluded that the nitrogen doping

Development of a nitrogen-doped 2D material for tribological applications in the boundary-lubrication regime

• Shende Rashmi Chandrabhan,
• Velayudhanpillai Jayan,
• Somendra Singh Parihar and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1476–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.147

• corresponding to the G band. The lack of D band peaks in graphite implies that the graphite is defect-free. A shift of the G band of GO located at 1610 cm−1 is observed [40]. However, after reduction and nitrogen doping, the peak corresponding to the G band shifted back to 1589 cm−1, close to the value of

• carbon-coated copper grid (200 mesh). TEM images shown in Figure S3c,d (Supporting Information File 1) reveal that N-rGO has few layers and shows folding at some places. In order to confirm the nitrogen doping in N-rGO, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was carried out. The XPS survey spectrum of N-rGO

Nitrogen-doped twisted graphene grown on copper by atmospheric pressure CVD from a decane precursor

• Ivan V. Komissarov,
• Nikolai G. Kovalchuk,
• Vladimir A. Labunov,
• Ksenia V. Girel,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Mikhail S. Tivanov,
• Algirdas Lazauskas,
• Mindaugas Andrulevičius,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Viktoras Grigaliūnas,
• Šarunas Meškinis,
• Sigitas Tamulevičius and
• Serghej L. Prischepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 145–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.15

• - and 2D-band positions of single layer fractions were blue-shifted, which could be associated with the nitrogen doping of studied films. The XPS study revealed the characteristics of incorporated nitrogen, which was found to have a binding energy around 402 eV. Moreover, based on the statistical

• also discussed. Keywords: G-resonance; nitrogen doping of graphene; Raman spectroscopy; twisted graphene; X-ray photoemission spectroscopy; Introduction Single layer graphene (SLG) exhibits exceptional electronic properties, making it one of the most advanced materials of our time. Due to its high

• previously reported in [13][14]. The key differences in the current experimental approach are related to the position of the copper foil in the reactor, the thickness of the copper and the feed rate of n-decane. In addition, in previous publications [13][14], the aspect of nitrogen doping of graphene has not

Nitrogen-doped graphene films from chemical vapor deposition of pyridine: influence of process parameters on the electrical and optical properties

• Andrea Capasso,
• Theodoros Dikonimos,
• Francesca Sarto,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Giovanni De Bellis,
• Maria Sabrina Sarto,
• Giuliana Faggio,
• Angela Malara,
• Giacomo Messina and
• Nicola Lisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2028–2038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.206

• graphene grown from ethanol-CVD. Keywords: carbon; electrical conductivity; nitrogen doping; optical conductivity; transparent conductor; Introduction Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are an indispensable component of many kinds of electronic devices, such as displays, touch-screens, light

• nitrogen might also confer useful chemical properties to graphene, e.g., rendering it catalytic to oxygen reduction reactions [24] or enhancing its lithium intercalation properties for battery applications [25]. Nitrogen doping was originally achieved ex situ by the post-growth treatment of pristine CVD

• graphene properties. In order to better evaluate such effect and assess the occurrence of nitrogen doping, we further run a systematic comparison with the graphene films made by ethanol-CVD under analogous conditions [30]. Results and Discussion Spectroscopic analyses of the graphene samples The graphene

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

Transformation of hydrogen titanate nanoribbons to TiO₂ nanoribbons and the influence of the transformation strategies on the photocatalytic performance

• Melita Rutar,
• Nejc Rozman,
• Matej Pregelj,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Andrijana Sever Škapin,
• Aleš Mrzel,
• Srečo D. Škapin and
• Polona Umek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 831–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.86

• morphology or on the surface appearance of the nanoribbons. The transformations performed in the reductive atmosphere, an NH3(g)/Ar(g) flow, and in the ammonia solution led to nitrogen doping. The nitrogen content increased with an increasing calcination temperature, as was determined by X-ray photoelectron

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• graphene (N-graphene) has since been synthesized by using numerous methods, amongst them chemical vapor deposition [126][127], post-synthesis treatments [128][129], and ion implantation [30] (see also [107][130]). Accordingly, there are hundreds of studies that use XPS to study nitrogen doping. However, it

• pristine material [120][128][147][148][149][150]. In cases in which comparative data is available, it has been found that the position of the C 1s line is shifted to higher binding energies upon nitrogen doping, with the magnitude of the shift varying from 0.1 up to 0.4 eV depending on the study. Two

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

Sublattice asymmetry of impurity doping in graphene: A review

• James A. Lawlor and
• Mauro S. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1210–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.133

• for synthesis of such graphene monolayers and detail theoretical efforts to explain the mechanisms responsible for the effect, before suggesting future research directions in this nascent field. Keywords: band gap; electronic transport; graphene; nitrogen doping; sublattice asymmetry; Review

• segregation effect It is clear that any degree of asymmetry between the two equivalent sublattices is the result of a symmetry breaking operation. Current theoretical attempts to explain the sublattice asymmetry in the nitrogen doping seen in the experiments discussed in the previous section suggest that the

Resonance of graphene nanoribbons doped with nitrogen and boron: a molecular dynamics study

• Ye Wei,
• Haifei Zhan,
• Kang Xia,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Yuantong Gu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 717–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.84

• and the other is doped with both boron and nitrogen (doping with only nitrogen has already been investigated in our earlier work [23], hence it will not be considered herein). The different dopants were randomly distributed in the GNR. Since the N–N single bond is chemically unstable due to the low

• grain boundaries, oxidations or vacancies [34][35]. Specifically, for GNRs with vacancies, researchers reported three different types of nitrogen doping, namely graphitic N, pyridine-like N and pyrrole-like N depending on their locations. Therefore, in the following, we consider the vibration properties